![]() ![]() It is widely stated throughout research that in order to lose weight, individuals must be consuming less calories than they utilise (Howell & Kones, 2017). ![]() Cr has also shown to promote blood glucose disposal and therefore aid in the regulation of normal blood glucose levels (Frauchiger et al., 2004). The improvements are seen due to an increase in insulin action rather than stimulation of insulin secretion. While it is clear that Cr is essential for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, the use of Cr to improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels is certainly more effective in individuals with impaired insulin sensitivity and glycemic control (Wang & Cefalu, 2010 Cefalu et al., 2010). There is an abundance of evidence to support the use of Cr to improve blood sugar in those with diabetes (Pei et al., 2006 Suksomboon et al., 2014). Researchers have studied the effects of Cr supplements on type 2 diabetes and blood sugar control for many years. Furthermore, the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a qualified health claim on the essential role of chromium picolinate supplementation in supporting efficient insulin function and blood glucose control, thus reduces the risk of diabetes. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) claim, trivalent Cr contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism in humans. It has also been postulated that Cr (III) may also enhance insulin binding, increases number of insulin receptors and/or improve insulin internalization to metabolize carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Binding of Cr (III) with nucleic acids has been found to stimulate the DNA-dependant RNA synthesis. It is proposed that Cr plays an important role in the metabolism of thyroid in humans. The mechanism behind the biological function of Cr is not clearly understood. IUPAC – chromium(3+) pyridine-2-carboxylate ![]() At a dose of 1000 μg / day, absorption of chromium from chromium chloride (CrCl3) is only 0.4 %, whereas chromium picolinate may have as high as 2.8%. Chromium picolinate also appears to be the most bioavailable of the existing commercial chromium forms. There is a large interest in the supplementation of Cr due to the negative effects associated with deficiency as well as the fact that it is poorly absorbed in the diet.Ĭhromium picolinate consists of chromium attached to three molecules of picolinic acid. Although rare, Cr deficiency has been noted in some global regions as a result of low soil Cr levels and low intake of dietary sources, which has been linked to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. It is found in moderate amounts in a wide range of foods, including meats, grain products, fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, brewer’s yeast, beer, and wine. CrPIX is chromium in the form of chromium picolinate, a trivalent form of chromium, thought to be the most stable and most biologically active (Lukaski, 1999). ![]() The absorption is influenced by numerous factors such as the presence of amino acids, minerals such as zinc, and certain organic acids, amongst others. While deficiency is rare, it can be difficult to consume adequate Cr due to its absorption, which is low, ranging from about 0.4 to 2.5% (Anderson & Kozlovsky, 1985). Despite this, there is no doubt about the importance of Cr, with it playing a role in insulin sensitivity and diabetes, and deficiency of the element being associated with numerous negative health effects (Vincent, 2000 Lukaski, 1999). However, this essential status of Cr has been questioned in recent years (Di Bona et al., 2011).
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